Internet speed Bytes/ Kilobytes/ Megabytes explained

Internet speed Bytes/ Kilobytes/ Megabytes explained

Have you wonder that people say that mine is 'x' KBPS line and Iam getting the internet speed very fast. what is that.

Some say that my Internet service provider says that i will get 256kbps line and iam getting only 32kb of speed. They are cheating us, like this people are saying.

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Have you thought what is the story behind these one.

When someone is downloading one file he sees that i.e downloading at 8k/s and 16k/s (the values are average) where as the ISP said for the above the speed is 64kbps line, 128kbps.

Whatever he said i.e correct always you have to devide the isp given value with the digit 8 then whatever the value comes i.e your download or speed. i.e the limit will touch this value.

Take for example you have the Internet Connection of 256kbps. (Your ISP may be BSNL, Airtel Broadband, Reliance Wimax, Reliance Broadband, Sify or any other provider). So, whenever you are downloading the file from the website you will see that the total file is downloading at 32k/s.

For this do this calculation i.e

At The time of Download speed X '8' = The internet coming at this speed for you

32 x 8 = 256

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i.e the downloading time you will see the values below the 32k/s i.e it may be 10k/s....20k/s 21k/s...30k/s...32k/s

i.e the maximum value is 32k/s when it is downloading. Some times initital values may be high i.e when the download starts the first buffer is filled so that comes with full speed then automatically shifts to our value. Ok, based on this you have to satisfy. If not you can demand your ISP.

        ------------------------------------------------------------
     |    Bytes      |     Kilo-Bytes   |     Internet Speed    |
      ------------------------------------------------------------
        8000         |        64        |           8Kb/s          
       16000         |        128       |           16kb/s
       32000         |        256       |           32kb/s
       64000         |        512       |           64kb/s
      128000         |    1024 (1Mbps)  |          128kb/s
      256000         |    2048 (2Mbps)  |          256kb/s
      --------------------------------------------------------------

Identify the Partition in Linux

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Identify the Partition in Linux, find the position where it is located in your hard drive. How much is free and available size.

watchout for these strings in your commands you will observe now onwards

There is a special nomenclature that linux uses to refer to hard drive partitions that must be understood.

/dev/hda /dev/hdb and /dev/sda /dev/sdb and etc.,

Use the following command

`ls -l` while in the /dev dirtectory::

brw-rw----    1 root     disk       3,   0 May  5  1998 hda
brw-rw----    1 root     disk       8,   0 May  5  1998 sda
crw-------    1 root     tty        4,  64 May  5  1998 ttyS0

A device file is a file with type c or b

"character" devices, devices that do not use the buffer cache
"block" devices, which go through the buffer cache

In the listing above, this is indicated by the first character of each line.
In Linux, all disks are represented as block devices only.

By convention, IDE drives will be given device names
from /dev/hda to /dev/hdd.
Hard Drive A(/dev/hda) is the first drive
& Hard Drive C (/dev/hdc) is the third and followes.

drive name	drive controller	drive number
/dev/hda	1	1
/dev/hdb	1	2
/dev/hdc	2	1
/dev/hdd	2	2

A typical PC has two IDE controllers, each of which can have two drives connected to it. For example, /dev/hda is the first drive (master) on the first IDE controller and /dev/hdd is the second (slave) drive on the second controller (the fourth IDE drive in the computer).

SCSI Drives or Pen Drives check out when you are not having scsi controller in your Laptop or System.

drive name	drive controller	drive number	partition type	partition number
/dev/sda1	1	6	primary	1
/dev/sda2	1	6	primary	2
/dev/sda3	1	6	primary	3

Logical Partitions these are the drives same as Windows D drive, E drive and etc.,

i.e Primary Master connected Hard Disk with

drive name	drive controller	drive number	partition type	partition number
/dev/hdb1	1	2	primary	1
/dev/hdb2	1	2	extended	NA
/dev/hdb5	1	2	logical	2
/dev/hdb6	1	2	logical	3

Format Your Pendrive In Linux

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Are you new to Linux and want to know how to use your Pendrive in your Laptop or System where installed the operating system of Linux flavour (Redhat, SUSE, UBUNTU, and etc.,)

First know some baics, have you thought about the partitions in Linux i.e like 'C' drive and 'D' drive of Windows. Where are they and how they look like or differ. How to know where is the partition and what is the size of those partitions.

For all these only answer is

fdisk

Type this in your terminal and you will see

Device, Boot, start, end, blocks, Id, System

The device is usually one of the following
click this link to know more about the Hard-disks arrangement in the form of Master, Slave

Primar Master, Seconder Master, Primary Slave, Secondary Slave
/dev/hda, /dev/hdb, /dev/hdc, /dev/hdd and

/dev/sda...........


after knowing this now you want to know what is the name of those partitions in your file system for that use the command

df

Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

ok enough now come to our Pendrive format

there are two usefull commands one is

to format and second one is to provide the lable to the pendrive the same you can try for other devices.

1. Open X terminal to type the command and enter

$ sudo mkfs.ext3 /dev/sda1

(/dev/sda1 is your USB Pendrive letus assume know this using fdisk, df commands)

Becarefull while entering the partition name i.e /dev/sda1 wrong number will erase the device data may be i.e hard disk so be caution when you use this command and make sure one more time.

2. Now to label the device use the following
$ sudo e2label /dev/sda1 usb-pen

Very very important for you is below one i.e Create an MS-DOS/Windows XP file system under Linux, by entering /dev/sda1 is your pendrive:

$ sudo mkfs.vfat /dev/sda1

why this is important is when you want to use the pendrive in Windows XP system the file system must be compatible to that also i.e vfat file system is compatible with both linux and Windows right now. So always use this one only.

Alright now you are ready to use the pendrive.

This is also helps when you are unable to format the pendrive in Windows. Here in linux you can wipe out and create the new format drive.